The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. The Dardic group as a genetic grouping (rather than areal) has been scrutinised and questioned to a degree by recent scholarship: Southworth, for example, says "the viability of Dardic as a genuine subgroup of Indo-Aryan is doubtful" and "the similarities among may result from subsequent convergence". Dardic was first formulated by George Abraham Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India but he did not consider it to be a subfamily of Indo-Aryan. The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca) are a group of Indo-Aryan languages largely spoken in the northwestern extremities of the Indian subcontinent. The below classification follows Masica (1991), and Kausen (2006) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKausen2006 ( help). Some of the theory's skeptics include Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Colin P. Since its proposal by Rudolf Hoernlé in 1880 and refinement by George Grierson it has undergone numerous revisions and a great deal of debate, with the most recent iteration by Franklin Southworth and Claus Peter Zoller based on robust linguistic evidence (particularly an Outer past tense in -l-). It is a contentious proposal with a long history, with varying degrees of claimed phonological and morphological evidence. The Inner–Outer hypothesis argues for a core and periphery of Indo-Aryan languages, with Outer Indo-Aryan (generally including Eastern and Southern Indo-Aryan, and sometimes Northwestern Indo-Aryan, Dardic and Pahari) representing an older stratum of Old Indo-Aryan that has been mixed to varying degrees with the newer stratum that is Inner Indo-Aryan.
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Nevertheless, the modern consensus of Indo-Aryan linguists tends towards the inclusion of Dardic based on morphological and grammatical features. He also calculated Sinhala–Dhivehi to be the most divergent Indo-Aryan branch. That grouping system is notable for Kogan's exclusion of Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity to Iranian (39.3%). Kogan, in 2016, conducted a lexicostatistical study of the New Indo-Aryan languages based on a 100-word Swadesh list, using techniques developed by the glottochronologist and comparative linguist Sergei Starostin. The following table of proposals is expanded from Masica (1991).Īnton I. There are concerns that a tree model is insufficient for explaining the development of New Indo-Aryan, with some scholars suggesting the wave model. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification. dialects is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. Because of this, the division into languages vs. The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a dialect continuum, where languages are often transitional towards neighboring varieties. A 2005 estimate placed the total number of native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages at nearly 900 million. The largest such languages in terms of L1 speakers are Hindi-Urdu (about 329 million), Bengali (242 million), Punjabi (about 120 million), Marathi, (112 million), Gujarati (60 million), Rajasthani (58 million), Bhojpuri (51 million), Odia (35 million), Maithili (about 34 million), Sindhi (25 million), Nepali (16 million), Assamese (15 million), Chhattisgarhi (18 million), Sinhala (17 million) and Romani (ca. Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Vedic, through Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Prakrits). There are well over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. Morever, apart from the Indo subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan-speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, Southeast Africa and Australia.
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As of the early 21st century more than 800 million people speak Indo-Aryan languages, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
![language in bengali language in bengali](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/noDZOkbM87Q/hqdefault.jpg)
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages ) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, themselves a branch of the Indo-European language family.